Marlborough women at war

New Zealand nurses served in both World Wars, providing devoted care to the war sick and wounded and displaying great courage.   In 1914, Sister Ethel Lewis accompanied 400 patients from the frontline of the Serbian Campaign. “The nurses… pushed forward on foot, through the mountain passes of Albania, often with snow up to the knees, with rations reduced to one slice of bread per day, and no shelter at night except what they could find. They frequently slept in pigsties. Patients died daily and not one survived the retreat. One died on Sister Lewis’s back after she had carried him two miles.”¹

Here are the stories of some Marlborough nurses who served on hospital ships and in theatres of war.

Hospital Ships

Edith Rudd (nee Lewis) served in World War 1 (WW1) and World War 2 (WW2) and was matron of Wairau Hospital for 20 years between the wars.²   She enlisted with the New Zealand Army Nursing Service (NZANS), sailing from Wellington on the Marama in December 1915, and served in Egypt until 1918.³

Matron Edith Lewis. Image supplied by Sherayl McNabb.
Click image to enlarge

She describes the difficult conditions in her book Joy in the Caring: “The convoys would bring us some heavy cases from the Western Desert and looking back now we think how much could have been done…… had we had some of the modern drugs and advanced knowledge of surgery we have today…it was a continual battle to get good results, especially when the condition of the patient was depleted from malnutrition and sometimes malaria.”⁴

Hospital Ship Maunganui. Image supplied by Sherayl McNabb
Click image to enlarge

On 22 April 1941, the NZHS Maunganui left Wellington for Suez with Matron Lewis on board and in charge of 20 nurses. The ship was converted to carry 390 patients and, by 1945, had transported more than 5,600 patients - mostly home to New Zealand.⁵   Matron Lewis became known as 'Momma of the Black Dressing Gown'.  At night during blackout conditions, wearing her black silk dressing gown, she checked on her patients in the wards and on the decks.⁶

Matron Lewis was awarded campaign medals for both of the World Wars.  She also received the highest military nursing award, the Royal Red Cross First (1^st Class) in 1944 and, in 1961, she was presented with the highest distinction in nursing, the Florence Nightingale Medal.⁷  

Sister Iris Young joined the NZANS in August 1941 and joined Matron Lewis on the  Maunganui in December.  In July 1942 she was posted to No. 1 New Zealand General Hospital (1NZGH) in Egypt and later went to Italy with 1NZGH and served with No. 1 NZ Mobile Casualty Clearing Station before returning to New Zealand in 1945. Mrs Allan (nee Young) lives in Blenheim and turned 100 in May 2014.⁸

Iris Young. Image supplied by her family
Click image to enlarge

Serbian Campaign

Mary O’Connor was born in 1890 at Fairhall and trained as a nurse at Wairau Hospital. She joined the NZANS as a staff nurse in 1915 and travelled to Egypt. Sister O’Connor served in Serbia and Albania.⁹

When Bulgaria entered WW1 on Germany’s side in 1915, the Serbian military forces were quickly overwhelmed.  This forced a desperate retreat through mountainous terrain to the Albanian coast and Corfu.¹⁰   

Sister O’Connor’s medals which are held in the collection of the Marlborough RSA.
Click image to enlarge

By January 1916, Sister O’Connor was in charge of the Officers' Enteric Ward at No. 2 General Hospital in Egypt.¹¹  She served on the British Hospital Ship Dunluce Castle, from March to November 1916.¹²

 Sister  O'Connor was later recalled from Egypt to the No.3 New Zealand General Hospital in Wiltshire, where she was brought to the notice of the British Secretary of State for War for valuable services rendered during the war.  She was awarded the Royal Red Cross (2nd Class) and the Serbian Samaritan Cross.¹³ 

Meanwhile Back at Home

In 1942, Mr Bob Dosser’s farm at the end of a long dusty road in Rapaura was found to suit the Navy’s need for secrecy. After very careful screening, eight Wrens (The Women's Royal Naval Service) were chosen to staff a wireless station at the farm, where ‘very highly specialised and secret work was performed.”¹⁴

The Raupara Wrens. Image retrieved from RNZN Communicators Association
Click image to enlarge

Rapaura was a radio fingerprinting station set up with sophisticated oscilloscopes and cameras to record signals for detailed analysis that could distinguish signals from each enemy base, ship or submarine. It was vital work at a time during the war when there were real fears that Japanese forces might invade New Zealand.¹⁵

The especially trained Wrens listened to and recorded Japanese radio transmissions and helped establish a pattern of finger prints.  This gave the Navy an accurate picture of enemy naval activity in the Pacific.¹⁶

In Doing our Bit: New Zealand Women tell their Stories of World War Two, edited by Jim Sullivan, one of the operators, Bunty Longuet (nee Pigott) said:

“We would sit down and listen on headphones.  You’d graze around the frequencies until you heard some Morse code and you’d write down what you heard… The Japanese always began their transmissions with the same letters so we knew it was them.

“We were told it was not a question of ‘if’ the Japanese came but ‘when’. When it happened we were to destroy our code book and then destroy ourselves.  But they never actually went into what we would do with ourselves.”¹⁷

Bunty and her fellow operators, who were all trained in the Japanese Katakana code, worked in four-hour watches between 6pm and 6am.¹⁸  All of the personnel involved in the Rapaura Naval W/T station were held under an oath of silence from the Ministry of Defence until 1982.¹⁹  

2014. Updated Dec 2020

Sources used in this story

Want to find out more about the Marlborough women at war ? View Further Sources here.

Related Stories

Do you have a story about this subject? Find out how to add one here.