George Fairweather Moonlight 1832-1884

Good as Gold

Legends clung around George Moonlight, from the provenance of his unusual names- it was rumoured he was born on a fine night (Fairweather), abandoned and found in the moonlight; to his reputation as a self-sufficient explorer and gold prospector of uncanny ability.¹ 

Geo. Moonlight & dog, April 1868. The Nelson Provincial Museum, W E Brown Collection: 11061
Click image to enlarge

Born in Scotland into the Moonlight family, he arrived in New Zealand via the Californian and Australian goldfields in 1860.²  Moonlight and his cousin Tom headed for the Otago goldfields in 1861 and there was soon news of a rich find near Lake Wakatipu – named Moonlight Creek in his honour.³ Moonlight’s discovery started a gold rush into the area.⁴ 

Moonlight’s hallmark was the repeated rapid discoveries of major gold areas, then leaving them for hundreds of diggers⁵. His appearance and dress also attracted notice: tall and muscular, he dressed as a Californian gold miner, in a crimson shirt, buckskin breeches and a maroon sash.⁶

Moonlight's house, Maruia. The Nelson Provincial Museum, Copy
Collection: C1589,11061
Click to enlarge

In 1863, while prospecting in the Murchison area, Moonlight found a new route from Nelson to the central Grey area.⁷ It is said he named the Shenandoah and Rappahannock rivers in the area either from his adventures working on a trading vessel between New York and Mexico, or for a cousin involved in the American Civil War.⁸  

Moonlight’s most remarkable gold discovery came in April 1865 in the Paparoa Range, near Blackball. “Virgin gold lay round the parent reef with ‘quars’ (quartz) still embedded in its large nuggets.”⁹ The ravine was named Moonlight Gully (Atarau)¹⁰. About eight tons of gold was eventually obtained from the gully by 100 –150 diggers, with the 87½ oz Victoria nugget found in 1917.¹¹  

It was said of Moonlight that his solitary journeys were as much about his desire to pit himself against the elements, as for personal gain.¹² He liked to travel alone at night and work his claim on his own. When other prospectors arrived, he would pack up and vanish.¹³ 

Geo. Moonlight's Party. The Nelson Provincial Museum, Print
Collection: 282265
Click image to enlarge

In February 1865, Moonlight married Elizabeth Gaukrodger.  They built a hotel, store and stables in the Maruia Valley, before moving with their children, Totty and Jack, to Hampden¹⁴  where they bought the Commercial Hotel, around which the village of Murchison grew.¹⁵ 

Between 1866 and 1882, Moonlight carried on a brisk trade as storekeeper and hotelier. He was postmaster, unofficial judge and law enforcement officer, with his methods much like those of an American Wild West sheriff.¹⁶ 

George & Elizabeth Moonlight Memorial. The Nelson
Provincial Museum, Tyree Studio Collection: 176305
Click image to enlarge

On 13 May 1882, Moonlight’s beloved wife, Elizabeth, died of typhoid fever.¹⁷ With Elizabeth’s steady influence gone, Moonlight was soon in financial trouble.  He was owed large amounts of money by the diggers, but the easy gold finds were a thing of the past and New Zealand was entering the long Depression of the 1880s.¹⁸ His creditors did not want to embarrass a respected client, but Moonlight was declared bankrupt in 1883.¹⁹ 

“No two people of my acquaintance ever worked so hard as Mr and Mrs Moonlight did, day and night. When the crisis came, and he could work no longer, he went through the Bankruptcy Court and was left almost penniless. However, he started working again as bold as ever, but one could see that his failure had made a great impression on him, for in a short time his hair had turned very grey,” wrote ‘A Friend” to the Colonist on 22 September 1884.²⁰ 

In 1884 he went prospecting in the Glenhope area with an old friend, Jack Bailie. When he was reported missing, his 18-year-old daughter, Totty, rode to Nelson and back within a day to organise a police search.  Three months later, his body was found in the bush at Cow Gully. He had died of exposure.²¹ 

Judge Broad wrote of him: “George Moonlight was a type of the true miner – hopeful always, fearless, and light-hearted; honest as the day; kind to the weak and suffering; not quick to take offence, but ready to defend himself, if need be, with his strong right arm.”²² He is buried at Wakapuaka Cemetery.

2011

Updated March 21, 2025

Story by: Joy Stephens

Tasman Gold Murchison